I-Pyrometallurgical smelting

Ukucocwa komlilo yindlela ephambili yokuvelisa ubhedu namhlanje, kubalwa i-80% ukuya kwi-90% yokuvelisa ubhedu, ngokukodwa kunyango lwe-sulfide ores. Izinto eziluncedo zokunyibilikisa ubhedu lwe-pyrometallurgical kukuguquguquka okuqinileyo kwemathiriyeli ekrwada, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu, kunye nezinga eliphezulu lokubuyisela isinyithi. Ukunyibilikiswa kobhedu ngomlilo kunokohlulwa kube ziindidi ezimbini: enye ziinkqubo zemveli, ezinje ngokunyibilikisa iziko eliqhumayo, ukunyibilikiswa kwesithando somlilo, kunye nokunyibilikiswa kweziko lombane. Okwesibini ziinkqubo zale mihla zokomeleza, ezifana nokunyibilikiswa kwesithando somlilo kunye nokunyibilika kwechibi.

Ngenxa yamandla abalaseleyo ehlabathi kunye nemiba yokusingqongileyo ukusukela kwinkulungwane yama-20, amandla aye anqongophala, imimiselo yokhuseleko lwendalo iye yaqina ngakumbi, kwaye iindleko zabasebenzi ziye zanda kancinci kancinci. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni ngokukhawuleza kobuchwepheshe bokunyibilikisa ubhedu ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1980, kunyanzeliswa iindlela zemveli ukuba zitshintshwe ngeendlela ezintsha zokomeleza, kwaye iindlela zemveli zokunyibilikisa zipheliswe ngokuthe ngcembe. Emva koko, ubugcisa obuphambili obufana nokunyibilikiswa kwe-flash kunye nokunyibilikiswa kwe-melt pool kuye kwavela, kunye neyona mpumelelo ibalulekileyo kukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kweoksijini okanye ioksijini etyetyisiweyo. Emva kwamashumi eminyaka yomzamo, ukunyibilika kweflash kunye nokunyibilika kwedama lokunyibilikisa ngokusisiseko kuthathe indawo yeenkqubo zesiqhelo zepyrometallurgical.

1. Inkqubo yokunyibilikisa umlilo

Inkqubo yepyrometallurgical ikakhulu ibandakanya amanyathelo amane aphambili: ukunyibilikiswa kwe-matte, ukuvuthela kwe-matte yobhedu, ukucocwa kobhedu olukrwada lwepyrometallurgical, kunye nokusulungekiswa kobhedu kwe-anode electrolytic.

Ukunyibilikiswa kwe-Sulfur (i-copper concentrate matte): Isebenzisa ubukhulu becala i-copper concentrate ukwenza i-matte smelting, ngenjongo ye-oxidizing enye isinyithi kwi-concentrate yobhedu, ukususa i-slag, kunye nokuvelisa i-matte enomxholo ophezulu wobhedu.

Ukuvuthuza kweMatte (i-matte crude copper): Okunye oxidation kunye ne-slagging ye-matte ukususa intsimbi kunye nesalfure kuyo, ivelisa ubhedu olukrwada.

Ukusulungekiswa komlilo (ubhedu olukrwada lwe-anode yobhedu): Ubhedu olukrwada lususwa ngakumbi kubumdaka nge-oxidation kunye ne-slagging ukuvelisa ubhedu lwe-anode.

Ukucocwa kwe-Electrolytic (i-anode copper cathode copper): Ngokuzisa i-current ngqo, i-anode yethusi iyancibilika, kunye nobhedu olucocekileyo lufakwe kwi-cathode. Ukungcola kungena kudaka lwe-anode okanye i-electrolyte, ngaloo ndlela kufezekisa ukuhlukana kobhedu kunye nokungcola kunye nokuvelisa ubhedu lwe-cathode.

2. Ukuhlelwa kweenkqubo zepyrometallurgical

(1) Ukunyibilika kweFlash

Ukunyibilika kwe-flash kubandakanya iintlobo ezintathu: Incopho ye-flash furnace, i-Outokumpu flash furnace, kunye ne-ConTop flash smelting. Ukunyibilikiswa kweflash yindlela yokunyibilikisa esebenzisa ngokupheleleyo umphezulu osebenzayo wemathiriyeli yomhlaba ocolekileyo ukomeleza inkqubo yokusabela kokunyibilikiswa. Emva kokoma okunzulu kokugxilwa, kutshizwa kwinqaba yokusabela ngomoya ophuculweyo we-oxygen kunye ne-flux. Iingqungquthela ezigxininisiweyo zinqunyanyiswa kwisithuba se-1-3 imizuzwana, kwaye ngokukhawuleza zingena kwi-oxidation reaction yamaminerali e-sulfide kunye ne-high-temperature oxidizing airflow, ukukhulula ubushushu obukhulu, ukugqiba ukuxutywa kwe-smelting, okuyinkqubo yokuvelisa i-matte. Iimveliso zokusabela ziwela kwi-sedimentation tank ye-flash furnace ye-sedimentation, ngakumbi ukwahlula i-matte yobhedu kunye ne-slag. Le ndlela isetyenziswa ikakhulu ekunyibilikiseni i-matte ores yesulfide efana nobhedu kunye nenickel.

Ukunyibilikiswa kweflash kwaqala ukuveliswa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1950 kwaye iye yakhuthazwa kwaye yasetyenziswa kumashishini angaphezu kwama-40 ngenxa yempumelelo ebalulekileyo kugcino lwamandla kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo ngokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo. Le teknoloji yenkqubo ineenzuzo zomthamo omkhulu wemveliso, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, kunye nongcoliseko oluphantsi. Ubuninzi bomthamo wemveliso yobhedu yenkqubo enye inokufikelela ngaphezu kwe-400000 t/a, elungele iifektri ezinomlinganiselo ongaphezulu kwe-200000 t/a. Nangona kunjalo, kuyafuneka ukuba imathiriyeli ekrwada yomiswe ngokunzulu kumxholo wokufuma ongaphantsi kwe-0.3%, ugxininise ubungakanani besuntswana elingaphantsi kwe-1mm, kwaye ukungcola okufana nelothe kunye ne-zinc kwimathiriyeli ekrwada makungadluli kwi-6%. Ukungalungi kwenkqubo zixhobo eziyinkimbinkimbi, umsi ophezulu kunye nesantya sothuli, kunye nomxholo ophezulu wobhedu kwi-slag, efuna unyango lwe-dilution.

2) Ukunyibilika kwedama elinyibilikayo

Ukunyibilikiswa kwechibi lokunyibilika kubandakanya indlela yeTenente yokunyibilikisa ubhedu, indlela yeMitsubishi, indlela ye-Osmet, indlela yeVanukov yokunyibilikisa ubhedu, indlela ye-Isa yokunyibilikisa, indlela kaNoranda, indlela yokuguqula ubhedu evuthelweyo (TBRC), indlela yokunyibilikisa ubhedu lwesilivere, iShuikoushan indlela yokunyibilikisa, kunye neDongying ezantsi ivuthelwe ioksijini etyebileyo indlela yokunyibilikisa. Ukunyibilika kwe-Melt pool yinkqubo yokongeza ugxininiso lwesulfide ecolekileyo ekunyibilikeni ngelixa uvuthela umoya okanye ioksijini yeshishini ekunyibilikeni, kunye nokomeleza inkqubo yokunyibilikisa kwidama elinyibilikisiweyo elivuselelwe ngokukrakra. Ngenxa yoxinzelelo olwenziwa ngumoya ovuthuzayo kwidama elinyibilikisiweyo, amaqamza anyuka echibini, abangela ukuba "ikholomu enyibilikayo" ihambe, ngaloo ndlela ibonelela ngegalelo elibalulekileyo ekunyibilikeni. Iindidi zeziko layo zibandakanya ukuthe tye, ngokuthe nkqo, okujikelezayo, okanye okusisigxina, kwaye kukho iintlobo ezintathu zeendlela zokuvuthela: ukuvuthela ecaleni, ukuvuthela phezulu, nokuvuthela ngasezantsi.

Ukunyibilika kwephuli kwasetyenziswa kushishino ngeminyaka yee-1970. Ngenxa yobushushu obuhle kunye nemiphumo yokudlulisa ubunzima kwinkqubo yokunyibilika kwechibi elinyibilikisiweyo, inkqubo ye-metallurgical inokuqiniswa kakhulu, ukufezekisa injongo yokuphucula ukuveliswa kwezixhobo kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwinkqubo yokunyibilikisa. Ngaphezu koko, iimfuno zezixhobo zesithando somlilo aziphezulu. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokugxila, ezomileyo, ezimanzi, ezinkulu kunye nomgubo, zifanelekile. Isithando somlilo sinomthamo omncinci, ukulahleka kobushushu obuphantsi, kunye nokugcinwa kakuhle kwamandla kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Ngokukodwa, izinga lomsi kunye nothuli liphantsi kakhulu kunelo lokunyibilikisa kwe-flash.